The concept of 'supermind' will probably remain a distant dream for us as we have more or less hit the limit on how smart we can get and any augmentation in brain power may cause problems, a new study has suggested. The authors looked to evolution to understand about why humans are only as smart as we are and not any smarter. "A lot of people are interested in drugs that can enhance cognition in various ways," said Thomas Hills of the University of Warwick, who cowrote the article with Ralph Hertwig of the University of Basel. "But it seems natural to ask, why aren't we smarter already?" Hills asserted that just as there are evolutionary tradeoffs for physical traits, there are tradeoffs for intelligence. A baby's brain size is thought to be limited by, among other things, the size of the mother's pelvis; bigger brains could mean more deaths in childbirth, and the pelvis can't change substantially without changing the way we stand and walk. Drugs like Ritalin and amphetamines help people pay better attention. But they often only help people with lower baseline abilities; people who don't have trouble paying attention in the first place can actually perform worse when they take attention-enhancing drugs. That suggests there is some kind of upper limit to how much people can or should pay attention. "This makes sense if you think about a focused task like driving," Hills said. "where you have to pay attention, but to the right things-which may be changing all the time. If your attention is focused on a shiny billboard or changing the channel on the radio, you're going to have problems." It may seem like a good thing to have a better memory, but people with excessively vivid memories have a difficult life. "Memory is a double-edged sword." In post-traumatic stress disorder, for example, a person can't stop remembering some awful episode. "If something bad happens, you want to be able to forget it, to move on." Even increasing general intelligence can cause problems. Hills and Hertwig cited a study of Ashkenazi Jews, who have an average IQ much higher than the general European population. This is apparently because of evolutionary selection for intelligence in the last 2,000 years. But, at the same time, Ashkenazi Jews have been plagued by inherited diseases like Tay-Sachs disease that affect the nervous system. It may be that the increase in brainpower has caused an increase in disease. Given all of these tradeoffs that emerge when you make people better at thinking, Hills said that it is unlikely that there will ever be a supermind. "If you have a specific task that requires more memory or more speed or more accuracy or whatever, then you could potentially take an enhancer that increases your capacity for that task." "But it would be wrong to think that this is going to improve your abilities all across the board." The study has been published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.